Multichannel radio signaling system



July l0, 1945. N. R. BLIGH ET Al.

MULTICHANNEL RADIO SIGNALING SYSTEM Filed April 24, 1943.

2 Sheets-Sheet l n ND July 10, 1945.

N. R. BLIGH ET AL MULTICHANNEL RADIO SIGNALING SYSTEM Filed April 24, 1943 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 I 3 A.v.c.

' 7 IO 1 f /8 /n cnvsTAI. nuul- LTER FILTER oscILLA'M VIBRATDR MIXER I--ArIPLIr MIXER Iao Kc lso Kc 0-32 Hc Gra ne I l I I FIG 2 9 26 VARIABLE TUNING DQCIII DEVCE 5o 4,6 I l CRYSTAL CRYSTAL OSCHLTOI OSCILLTOR 6|.7525 c 617525 MC V 39o Kc Fl |2 IZA I 3 7A 8 j cnvsrn. HumvAnIAsL: "annum FIIJrzIx` MIXER vAnIAaI.: Tumua '26 osclLLmim DEVICE I so-f 29 lnvsNmRs NoRMAN www@ BLIGH Doueuas MA1 NelLeR LUIS CH nRLss Svenfvw c BY (ATTORNEY Patented July 10, 1945 i l 4zanzara NormankfRichardrBligh, Harrow, vDouglas Max Heller, Wembley,k and` Luis Alllharles S-trenning, Ealing, London,.England u Application April 24,- 194s, serial No. 484,332

c In Great Britain Api-i127, 1942 l 2s claims., (c1. 25o-a) ,'Ifhis invention relates primarily to `signaling systems vof the kind comprising a plurality of radio transmitters and a plurality of' superheterodyne radio receivers, wherein any twoof the'trans'mitters may be transmitting at the samel time on different frequencies and yet each operator of a receiver, by adjusting appropriately the frequency Ao'ffits local oscillator, can?` select the transmitter 'from which hev will receive signals without actually receiving signals from that station. llt will be assumed that all the.i'requenciesy o n-which the transmitters may operate liev within a range defined asmaller frequency Fr. anda greater frequency Fmbut, since no limitation is placedon Fn or'Fn (except that both are radio frequencies and'that the former is less than the latter), no formal limitation is thereby imposed on the type; but it' is Ydesirable that the number of alternative frequencies within the range covering allof them. should be as great' as possible",v and 'should approach the limit in which the space between 'any two consecutive frequencies is occupied wholly bythe'side bands of these frequencies by which the signals are conveyed.. The invention relates alsov to apparatus adapted to form part of such signaling systems.

. Systems'of the kind specieddifterfrom existing broadcasting systems' (in which some of' the yreceivers are always superheterod'yne) in virtue of In existing systems of the kind-specified the common standards olf frequency' are usually piezoelectric crystals. Each transmitter is'supplied with ai different crystal for each of the frequencies on which it may transmit, and each receiver with a different crystal for eachof the frequencies thatits local oscillator maybe required toy supply. There must then be prepared as many differently tuned crystals as therev arei transmitting frequencies and4 local oscillationI frequencies, and, unless each transmitter is confined to a single frequency, each transmitter and each receiver will require several frequency standards; moreover, even if a transmitter and receiver .are combined ina single station, there' may be nol diminution ofthe number of crystals required, heeause the 'local oscillator frequencies may all be different from any trans mitter frequency.

Theproposal of the present invention is broadly 'tovderivev all' the'fdiiferent'frequencies that are rea quired; both yfor transmitting and" for receiving,

the wordsr beginning; withoutl For. broadcast receivers, ifA they are' tuned" with high. accuracy,

larey tuned with referenceto oscillations that are actually' being transmitted; if. the .receivers are ltolte tuned accurately without reference to oscillations arising elsewhere, each transmitter-receverpair mustvl have access to, and he controlled by, a commonstandardof frequency. Again inV broadcastingsyStemseachtransmitterhas a fixed vfrequency which is changed, if at! all, only at' long intervals and after long notice. In systems of the ltype specified it is usually desired that each transmitter .should be able to change its frequency at vanytime after, merely issuing'a warning by its own signals. yThen every transmitter andevery receivermust have access to a common standard' of every frequency on which transmission may take place. 'In the present'state of affairs, thesenecessitiesrestrict the utilityof systems of the kind specified to conditionsin which` all the transmittersand all'th-ereceivers areclosely controlled by a.` single authority.. for example a military authority. But-,.n view ofthe simplification of such.l systems that is produced according tov the 4present invention, itA ispossible that at some future time broadcastingsystemsf will come' within its ambit.

from 'differentA harmonics'off a single standard frequency. Then each station Whether it is-a transmitter or receiver or both, will require only one standard oscillator and the frequencyY of this dscillatorwill be the lsame for allstations. All that is re'quiredthereforeis a collection fof" similar standards, one for each station.

y In multi-channel carrier' telephony it is' cominon.practicetoY use, as the frequencies of the variolIs channels, harmonics' of a single fundamental frequency. But then eachV transmitter-receiver pairis permanently connected bya` single channel; there is no question of the' same pairs'fbein'g adjusted at one time to operate on one frequency and atanotheron another frequency, or ofthe same receivers being pairedat one-time with one transn'iter and at another 4 with anotherk transmitter. The invention vrests on the realisation that itis practically possible, and indeed convenient, to derive all the frequencies required from harmonics of a single fundamental even'v v.when any receivera'nd any transmitter mayy form apair operatingon any one of a set of different frequenc1es. 4

In view'of this practice in carriertelephony, rthe scopeof the'invention has tobe defined carefully. The kutility of the invention is likely to increasewith the number .of transmitters and with the number of receiversqin the system. e But it would have some utility even ify therev were only one transmitter and only'one receiver. It isne'cessary to' exclude that possibility, but there isv no reason'tfoi exclude any other, in particular that in which thereY is onetransmitterA (orreceiver) 4and two receivers (or transmitters). Such a system would not be of the type specified; it is for this reason that the term primarily was inserted in the first sentence of this specification. The eld of the invention must be extended to systems in which the transmitters and receivers together number at least 3 and include at least one transmitter and at least one receiver.

The simplest method in principle of carrying out the aforesaid proposal would be to use as the transmission frequencies all the harmonicsV` mfo of the fundamental frequency fu, for which the integer m is not less than some value mL not greater than some greater value mn, where FL=mLfo and FH=mHo; probably, instead of using the harmonic itself as a carrier, a variable oscillator, yielding the actual carrier, would be set to one of these harmonics. When the frequency mf@ was to be received, the local oscillator would be set to (m4-mfc where n is a positive or negative integer, small compared with m, so that nfu would be the intermediate frequency.

. But this method is not likely to be the most convenient. In the first place it may often be convenient to transform the harmonics before they become the frequencies of transmit- `ters or local oscillators. Thus they may. be multiplied by an integral factor a, e. g. doubled; they are then spaced at intervals aft. Again they may all be shifted along the frequency spectrum by heterodyning with a constant frequency f1. Since f1 will then be at least as. large as at least some of theharmonics, the stations will have to be provided with standards of f1 as accurate as thestandards of fo. It would usually be possible to derive a suitable f1 from fo by multiplication, but it will often be found more convenient to provide a second crystal as a standard oscillator.l If many additional standards had to be provided, the proposal of the invention might lose any advantage over existing,

practice, but the position of two, or even three o r four standards, instead of merely one, would not decrease the advantage appreciably, so long as all stationsuse the same standards.

Again if the frequency J of an oscillator is to be controlled automatically by a standard frequency fs, it is sometimes convenient to arrange matters so that f assumes, not .the value fs, but a frequencyA from fs but a, frequency differing from fs by some assigned difference D. If this plan is adopted, in apparatus according to the invention, D cannot conveniently be fo or any multiple thereof; for if it were, the oscillator would still be tuned to one of the harmonics;

accordingly a receiver must share with the' transmitter a common standard, not only of fo, but also of D; accordingly yet another standard will be required. However, if every m is much greater than l and if D is less than fo, each D will be small compared with every fs, as is convenient on other grounds. Then exact agreement between the Ds of a receiver and transmitter will not be necessary; suiiicientagreement may be obtained if the Ds are xed by filters or other combinations of impedance elements` which can be reproduced with considerable accuracy, though not-with the accuracy of crystal resonators. Accordingly provisionl of the requisite standard of D will not involve any additional complexity.

In View of these considerations, the invention, in one aspect, may be stated thus. Y

According to the invention in a signaling system, comprising a set of radio transmitters and radio superheterodyne receivers such that the sum of the number of transmitters and the number of receivers exceeds 2 and there is at least one transmitter and one receiver, each said transmitter and each said receiver comprises v (a) a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency fn, the same for all the said transmitters and all `the said receivers, (b)

means for generating from the said vstandard oscillator a, plurality of oscillations having fre. quencies mfo (m integral), whose frequency of oscillation f is variable so as (c) an oscillator to cover the whole range FL to FH within which liethe plurality of frequencies on which the stations of the system may communicate, (d)

` means for establishing, at least approximately,

`more transmitters or one or more receivers` or boththat .do not comprise the said elements (a) to (e).;y

When it is. lpart of a, transmitter, the variable oscillatorprovides or directly controls the transmittedoscillations. If the signalsareconveyed by frequency modulation, the variable oscillator may then be modulated. In that case, f means the frequency of the ,oscillator when the modulation is zero. i y

When .it is part` o f a receiver, the variable voscillator provides or-directly controls the local oscillations.

The term so as to coverin clause (c) is to be interpreted `to mean only' that to each frequency in the range FL. to FH there corresponds a possible frequency of the variable oscillator appropriate to its function in transmitting or receiving that frequency. f need not be. the

.same as that frequency. Thus, Athe frequency f of the yvariable oscillator maybe doubled before it provides or CQntrols 4the transmitted or local oscillations, When lthis distinction between the frequency ofthe variableoscillator and the frequency of the oscillations it provides or controls is important, the symbol f' will be used for thelatter. It should be observed that, even` ifthe oscillations/ of the variable. oscillator are the local oscillations, when the oscillator is part of a receiver,Y f may have to assume frequencies outside the range FL .to Fn; for if the intermediate frequency is constant (as is preferable), the range of the frequency of the local oscillations will have vto extend beyond the range of the transmitting frequencies at one end or the other.

The relation R0 is 'preferably of the form f=|F|-D| mfo|, `Where F and D may both be posi.-

` tive or negative orzero; Where Dis less than fo; .and where F, if not zero, is greater than fn.

that therelatiomReis of 'the saidforin-` and: that F-ienot'zem.

The-ineens; (wt-may; adjusnally will, generate harmonics on thei standar-'d3 frequency-other than those in?tnesaidtpluralitnmf. f Eor-thatpluimlity is'deiined'by clause (ful-)fv requiresthat 'f may be"setf linfa-ny mfc. It isusuarllynot desirable that-fshould be set to the lowest harmonics; 'ac-I rizordingly,l 'even it the integers` m are; consecutive as isf-desirable l?, they-willi generally have a. lower- Hmit mater uml" 1'- `i@fblill'sefthey Wulf always. haue-an upper-Enit, f, f.

Inthe ,present state of the artv no suitable' with-some tuning indca-torthat'shows' when the' III desifrd'frelati'on has-been attained; but they may involvean-` automatic element whereby the' oper-4 atenei-looses the desired frequency miicand then leavestheapparatus to arrive at the predetermined' relation tothat frequency. On the other han-djfthemeans (e)V4 must require no' attention fromsthefoperator; They willuSually-involve some device for compensating accidental departures from'4 the relationR-o; but of course, iisuch 'acci'- d'ental variations' coul'd be avoided; positive 4means 'e) Amig-ht not bel necessary. Y It' the'means- (dl-- dlr notI secure the predetermined relation with the necessary accuracyi maintaniingfmust include securing*it-with that` accuracy; f These explanations of the mean-ing terms in the foregoing statement apply equally tocorresponding terrns in thecla-im's'of this speci'canon.

The manner` of performing the invention .will now be discussed; In- 'selectingthe frequency 'fo and the relation Rey the followingconsiderations arere-l-evant, fo shouldbeofj-the vsal-ne order-as the least permissible separationbetween transmitting frequencies; for it Will-"be thedi'flerence between successive 'harmonics fc. But if the frequencies of the harmonics, or the frequencies v controlled by them; are multiplied,`it may be correspondingly less; on theother hand; if` (fas Willappear later) more than one transmitting frequency isassoci-ated'- with asingle harmonicfb may' have tobe correspondingly greater. rlfhe transmittedv frequencies Willbe chosen with reference to theconditions in-v which it isdesired tol transmit, and- Will usually ber` Vveryl ldifferent from fa. y

- Thus inone example it is required toproyid'e 276 equally spacedl transmitting frequencies in the range from about 125 tol 1'50 nic-JS.4 fois then 90' kc./s.; the harmonics forv which m=10 to I4? are selected;v ,these are combined with a constant frequency F-'=6l. 5 25- mc.-/s to provide the ytransmitting-g frequencies. so that 138 frequencies are lfn'ovidecly inthe yrange 62.6525' to 7419825' mc,/s. The variable oscillators'orl the transmitters can be maintainedat a; frequency 22-.5 kc. above or below anyone of" these f1-e#` quencies, so that 276" frequencies in the range 62.630 to '75.005 mc./`s. are provided" for these oscillators. Finally the frequencies of. the oscillators are doubled'between the variable oscillator andthe transmitterr so that A.the desiredresult is y olitained;V The intermediate frequency isl always 4l.86A-Inc./s and the freqlncy'of the.A local: cecile' later is.v greater than that of the :signals: 243/0i09'='27` extra, harmonics above-m: 1:47? are used toprovide: the necessary localoscillations when mf ifs-'greater than. 120i C ka second-2 example, it is required tio-.provide 101 equally: spaced transmitting:- frequencies ,in thefrange from! about lil-'w15 mc./s. f isthen f-k'ci/s. 'The-harmonics for WlchmL--Zitb 300 are selected'f'or the transmitting-frequencies andi FP1-0f.- The .variable oscillatorcanl bemaintained by a discriminator at 1u lic/s. abonel 'any-haremoni'c. Consequently lOl I`:frequencies in the range--lill 'tot T5101V ina/s.' are available.' intermediate frequency is 02a mc./s. and the# fre-L quency of the local oscillatoris greater than'- that of" the signals; the' extra (l.3/II.l-ll'i=16v harmonics at'ovem-:SOG arev usedto--provide the'- necessary 'I'ocal oscillations` when m is greaterth'an 284.' f

me-pert-v of' thel function of means (d) is t-o select the particular harmonic mit` izo-which the frequency of the variableI oscillator is--to-bear the predetermined relation. 'I-hi'spart may be periformed by calibrated tuning dials -of-'theusual kin-d3 designed to set a condenser inductor in the-'tuning circuit of the oscillator to-afpn'icu-l lar value, andltherefore its-frequency toa: value approaching the value of'fcorrespendingto mfc more'closel'y--than thefval-ue corresponding; to (mii-l) fc or fm-llfe. -But su-chidia-lf-controll'ed tuning circuits may-become maladjusted-owingto thermal drift or the like, and may leadjfto the select-ioni of the Wrong harmonic. Some more .positive-method of setting isjdes'irabl'e; a method that depends on countingonlyhas been', found satisfactory. In describing'-` the-,m-ethod, it will beasu-medfforsimplicity that't-he relation Re is equality.` 'A i Iii-this met-hon'` the setting always starts by the selection"ofl one particular harmonic; say

.mofa This Willusuallybe the' lowest vor the high;

GSi? ofthe. harmonics that are to be. used at' all', if' suflc'ently distinguished by. its .position in the; series -of harmonics, it can be; disting-uished byits amplitude or by being.. modulated in somecharacteri'stic manner; in the extreme, all', other harmonics can be suppressed' While 4it isbeing selected. Suppose that mofa is the lowest 'member of the series. Then a tuning dia-1' varying j" is adjusted until' a tuningy indicator, forming part of. or associated' with means (e), indicates that" f is' setto mofa. The dial is then turned so as toincrease, f; when/fis rset to (mo-ITIN() the indicator will indicate another coincidence. If the harmonicv to bel selected vis .11tf ti and m=.mn}fm, this process is continued f until (mil-l). coincidences have been indicated; itis then knownthat f isset tomfo. .If m.` is...1 'arge this. process is tedious; it lcante abhreyiate.d by counting in-twoor more stages. This matter is best. explained'by an example.

Suppose that VT-431 Then in ther rstlstage. all

` those. harmonics. are suppressedv for which m. is

notalmultiple of 1U, yso that, the` only harmonics left, `are 'those for which m.=mu, m'u-l-Il,

' ment; the final adjustment is made in the second stage and the harmonics concerned in it are those of the maincrystal only. f

The i counting .is preferably performed automatically, e. g. by applying an impulse to' a telephone counter every time that a coincidence occurs. l

In setting the variable oscillator only one harmonic, or at most a few adjacent harmonics, will be concerned at any one instant.

be appreciated by experts, to eliminate as far as possible any influence of `other harmonics. This can always be effected by placing immediately after the multivibrator, or other device in which the harmonics are generated, a variable filter ganged to the tuning circuit of the variable oscillator in such a manner that all harmonics are eliminated except those in the immediate neighbourhood of that harmonic to which thevariable oscillator is being set at any moment. If the setting is effected by reducing to zero (or to D) the frequency of an oscillation issuing v,from a mixer Yto which are appliedoscillations derived from the standard oscillator and from the variable oscillator, another method is tov place a low pass filter immediately after the mixer. The unwanted harmonics can then be eliminated without the use of a ganged variable filter. i

This second method can be adopted even when F is non-zero. For the oscillations of frequency mfc, F, ,f can be combined in a single mixer, or F can be mixed with mfc (or f), and the resultant mixed with f (or mfc) But if the predetermined relation is f=]F-|Dl -mfo| and F is non-zero, an-

- other method is preferable for the following reason. It will almost always be necessary to amplify the oscillations issuing from the mixer or mixers. Mixers are apt to be the source of irregular low frequency disturbances- (noise) arising, for instance, from mechanical disturbances. It is desirablevto eliminate that noise before amplification or at least until the required oscillations have been raised far above any possible noise level. This elimination requires a filter that will not pass low frequencies, and would not be effected by the said low pass filter. In the preferred method, the harmonicsmfo are combined with f, and the resultant, which includes (f-mfo), is passed through a xed filter having a narrow pass range about F, which includes F;I:D. The oscillations passing the filter are amplified (the filter may itself be an amplifier), and combined in a second filter with those of frequency F; those having frequency near D selected by alow-pass filter. The filter passing F-l-D excludes low-frequencies and therefore noise, until the oscillations have been raised above the noise level; and yet it is a fixed filter and requires no ganging. (In this account it has been assumed thatV the relation is f-:F-l-D-l-mfc and that F is positive; the modifications necessary if thisassumption is not true will be evident to the expert.)

The settings of the variable oscillators of a transmitter and of a receiver at the same station maybe entirely independent; thus it may be re- It is then usually desirable, for various reasons that will quired that a'transmitter-receiver `should transmit on one frequency and receive onxanother. But if transmission and reception at any time is always to bey on` the same frequency, there are certain advantages in avariable oscillator common to transmitter and receiver. Itlwill have to be set to two frequencies, differing by the intermediate frequency, according as it is used for transmitting or receiving;` but these settings may be associated. Forv this purpose (and also for other reasons); theintermediate frequency may be made independent of the frequency received, and it may be arranged that the f appropriate to the variable oscillator when it is concerned in transmitting a frequency corresponding to mfc differs from the ,f appropriate to thev oscillator when it is concerned in receiving that frequency by a constant difference I, which may be the intermediate frequency or some multiple or submultiple of it. Then the known device of tracking circuits can be employed in means (d) for setting f approximately. In all cases f is set as if the variable oscillator were to be concerned in transmission-(or alternatively in reception) and,V

if it is required toy be concerned in lreception (or transmission), tracking elements are switched in or-out so as to cause f to change by I.l If f is so high that distributed impedances` are important, it may be preferable to modify this procedure byswitching between two complete tuning circuits,l of ,whichl one does and the other does not contain tracking elements, but which are otherwise similar. It is known that the difference in frequency introduced by tracking elements is not usually exactlyindependent of the frequency; but here exact independence is not required; for any small, but appreciable, departures from the predetermined relation, left after means (d) have operated, will be removed by means (e). For. however the kchange from transmission to reception is effected, f must stand in a predetermined relation to some mfc in b oth states.

The4 settings of the variable oscillators of a transmitter and of areceiver at the same station `maybe related in another way. The setting of the transmitter may be controlled by the receiver or vice versa. Thus suppose it is desired to-set a'transmitter to 4transmit the frequency f corresponding to one of the harmonics. Then the receiving variable oscillator may be set so that the station receives f and the transmitter may be tuned, as a broadcast receiver vwould be tuned, totransmit the oscillation that its assostandard frequency Ifs. by establishing a constant difference D between f and fs, and further of the species of. this kind in which f can be set so that the difference f-fs can be made either -l-d or -d. For then two settings of f are associated with each fs corresponding toy a harmonic mfc, and the numberof different frequencies corresponding'toa given number ofy harmonics is doubled.

The principle underlying such means is as follows.l oscillations of frequency fare caused to beatwith oscillations of frequency ,fs and the assoa beat nscillatiens applied..- tQitwe-mters, eine. of whihfinasses-fenly:roscillationsf'frequency less than ll) and the other ,only oscillations of frequencygresterwenn." rnosepass'ed by the -loW-pass'rlter faire frapplied ftdmary the tuning circuit of the variable oscillatorseia'sgtoidefcrease Zij, and ,thzse passing the yhigh-pass zlter are ^aplplielxto increase'. v V',Ihen consideration will show that;j so longas f is originally not greater "than fsa-'19, it will fassume the Avalue..fs-.U. If on the other hand, the oscillations passing the low-.pass -Jlter increasey vand those passing the high-,passflter decreaseit, then,`so `long as f .is `originally not less r than han jit will assume the value Tfr-q-D. Accordingly 'by rinterchanging the functions of voscillations passing the low-pass and high-passiilters, `f `can be set to fs.-D, so ylong-as it starts near enoughto .fs.

practice it isfimpossible kto obtain filters counting itakes place in twoistages yas described above,` a coincidence in theii'rst's'tage (but not lin `the second) .fmay 'be "teiapnearar'ice Q f @beat f` 'two filtys';

es restandfar'ds will be mich gre "a'ts having frequency fas great Las 4'2D lo'r "even 'can larise ironia single 1s'tarida d. @En

'i in@ s@ l` `with,perfectly fsharp lcut-offs; accordinglythe :plan is 44modifiedby making the cutoff of ythe Alow-pass ;ii1t'er, slightly greater than D Aand that ,of therhighepassrlter rslightly less than D, and by arranging that fais fnot driven in either di- .'rection .when oscillations are passing both fileters. 5f -wlllthenassume a `value somewhere in the range, which can vbe made yery narrow, over whichithe ,pass ranges of the nlters overlap.

SIf there is'not Vagsingle standard vfrequency l is@ but'ai-series of equally spaced standards mfc,

iw-ithreach of Awhich the oscillations v 0ffrec1uency f beat, then a further modication of the `plan :is necessary. lIt :isxconvenient to make..

re A:i150equany spaced. If the 'high-pass filter ,then Aif f is originally in the Irange m'jcol-Dl to mfc-3D, lit Ywill assume the value mfn-D, in

v'irt'iieof'its'beats'withithe standard mfagso long as oscillations Apassingvthe low pass lter decrease ,g

j.: But, since-f will also beatwith the standard (mg-Dfthe part of the range of the band- I'pass 'filter'btwe'en 3D and 2D `is unnecessary;

the 'saine' 'esit will'beatt'ained, if its pass range is lfiomjustless ,than D Lto anything between Y2D L :and `3D. Siinilarlif. the loscillations.passing the Vlow paSSIItr increase j, the lters being the 4:sa e', f; if vit starts between mfc-.D and mjH-BD, W`111 Yfss'ullflthe Value T'fL'fo-'i-Dl "eplaced by a lband-pass filter vwhose range `i s.-between .3D` and a value just less than D,

y thatjowingjto Ifthe' predetermined. relation is nF4-Bimini, d

vwhere".F 'is non-f'zero, no substantial modification isfequiredffr 'at some stagein producing lthis relation beats having' frequencies near'to D `will be produced.` "Thusinthe preferred method of settingto this relation,`in which f Yis first caused f Y ft'o beat with mfc. and the resultant, .after passing afilter, is .caused to beat |with F, .the transmis- `sion o'f the "iilter vwill be f'chosen so vthat ythe frequencies resultngjfroi ,thesecond beating, when is'nearly set, khave laffrequency ynear D. yIf the Ysetting 'isjby automaticcounting sorne means,

independent 'off those driven through the-loW- pass and high-pass'lters, must .be provided, and i"must operate until f i's vnearlyset "to the desired l'llaifmlontfx 'wllnlthatzsta'geis reached, .the ,drivel :controlled by thel w and high-passl'ters is ,'substituted;y A coincidence for the purpose of counting must alwaysbe th appearance of -beat .oscillatinsfth'at pass thehigh-pass Yfilter (or ALalternati'vely `the `lowfpass inter). -But vif the 575;

'mais the rsunas 0-23 and 22-6 output of these y' lters s lionld have approximately the Isame level whichever har'r'nonic mfu is conf Pcemed, AJMlzZC. contrle ofvthe 4iistlal is vaptively by therectiers I'I, I8 and,` after rectification, pass throughthe coils of the relays I9," 20. During the first stagey of counting, when the oscillator 2 is operative, the outputs of both rectiflers I1," I3 are applied to relay I9 by means of switch 2l;` this 'relay operates the major counter 22 through the switches 23, 24 and advances the reading by 900-kc./s. at each passage of current through the'rectifiers. When the required reading on the major counter has been obtained, the switches 6, 2I, 24 are thrown; oscillator I is brought into action; relay 20 is inoperative, but relay I9 operates the minor counter 25 and advances the reading by 90 kc./s. at each passage of current through the rectifier I1.

During the counting, the frequency of the oscillator 9 is varied by'means of `a Variable condenser formingpartof,y its tuning circuit andnincluded in the tuning device 26. vThis condenser is driven by means not shown, for example by'hand. It is first set in a position such that F f lfo+F; in spite of the instability of tuning `circuitsthere is no diiiiculty in securing that this condition is satished. Thel switches are set -in the position shown, and the conde'nser driven soas to increase f. V'I'he first"coincidence,,and the first passage'of current through the'rectiers I'I, I8, occurs when f is nearly'lOfo-i-F; further coincidences'joccur at 20,10-|F, etc.` When the major counter shows that the memberV o f this series next below the selected member mfc, to which fis to.' be set, has been 'reachedythejswtches 6,"2I 24 aretlflrown,l and countingv iscontinued on'the minor. counter till the 'required reading is'reached.

'Means1(d) has now operated so as to fulfill approximately therelation R0'. Means (e) are now brought' into operation by throwing the switches 23, 2I.V `These connect the outputs of the relays I9,"2'0 through theureversing key `28 tothe clutch and Yreversing gear 'of a motor (not shown) includedin' the device 2S, in such a manner that the motor'drives the tuning condenser in one direction or the otheraccording as current reaches the'device 26 through the path 29 or vthe path 3 0,

'and' so that thev condenser is not4 Vdriven at` all if current arrivesby'both paths. Themas explained heretofore, j takes up and maintains a value about l0,0225 nic/s. from mfo-l-F, and on oneside of it or the"othera `icording tothe position of the reversing sWitchZB.

, @1f theapparatus is being set-'as atransmitter, fthe i' output` of] the 'variable oscillator is applied through the frequency doubler 3I to the amplifier 32 from 'which the aerial is fedi If it is being 'set as a receiver, the tracking elements 33 are switched in to the tuning circuit ofthe variable oscillator by the switch 34; j is thereby increased by about 2.434 mc./s."and ,m for the harmonic of fthe yoscillator I whose resultant with f passes the 'iilter 'I0 is increased by 27; butA the roscillations vissuing from that filter arel unchanged and-the latter part of the circuit'will operate as before'to .frequency 2(1nfn-FEiD), Whilef is A doubler similar to ys l mghtbe .inserted between the variable oscillator and the mixer 35; but, since a mixer always produces the second harmonic of theliocai oscillation, no doublerisrequired; the

essere@ selection from the output ofthe mixer of 'the rel sultant 5lf`0=4.`86/1mc.'/s.;` rather than of isfeffected, of course, by the intermediate frequency amplifier.r

Somev of the many-possible modications of this embodiment Will now be mentionedxbriefly, by way of example.

Firstytheuccunting may be made much more automatic by the use of the` technique Aof automatic telephone exchanges. 'Ihus 'the currents issuing from the rectiers I1,.'I8 `may pulsel a uniselector which carries out all the necessary operations, driving the tuning devicev and stopping it when a position, set by the operator before the counting begins, is reached; Y

Second, inlorder to make'the control oi the tuning device more'sensitive, the motor driving a condenser may be supplemented by'a valve'- operated variable reactor of known kind. The use of a mechanical reactor, involving a-moving element, is' probably always necessary in order to obtain the necessary range of control; but such reactors are necessarily somewhat sluggish compared With valve-operatedreactors; a combination of reactors of both types would have the advantages of both types and theV disadvantages of neither. The valve-operated reactor would, of course, be controlled byv grid-bias, which might betaken directly from the outputs of rectiers I1, I8. v

Thirdly, thenumber of setfrequencies f (two in the said embodiment) that may correspond to a single harmonic' mo may be increased by the provision of alternative crystals I2 tuned to slightly different frequencies all Within a range fo. The number of extra frequencies thus obtainable is limited only by the disadvantage of providing additional standards and the inutility of providing s-et frequencies f' Aspaced lat distances so small that the modulation side-bands overlap. But there is one form of this proposal which in some circumstances might have considerable value.

Suppose that the embodiment shown in Figure 1 is modified as shown in Figure y2, Where fo is increased to 180 kc./s. and an additional crystal I2A is provided havinga natural frequency F1, differing from F=61.7525 mc/s. by 90 kc.,'

the oscillators I2 and I2A being alternatively selectable by a switch 36. If f is to be set to a frequency m 90 kc./s., where m is even, the crystal of frequency F is used; if f is to be set tov m 90 Figure 3 shows the alternative means, herein` before mentioned,for eliminating the influence of harmonics derived from the crystal oscillator I other than those immediately concernedy at any one instant, by placing immediately after `the multi-vibrator /3 a Variable filterlA ganged by an operative connection '31 to the tuning device26 of the variable oscillator 9. 4

The proposal underlying the invention cannot be stated except with reference toa system. cornprising at least two stations of whichat least one containsa transmitter and-the otherarei lations having frequencies f I'mfc l 'an integra-l number, .anoscillator `Whose fre'- aresoass cei'ver sui-tatie for vreceri/imgi signals *from that transmitter; f But' ence/systems according to thefinvent'ion have been conceived, a single transmitter or receiver 'or' transmitter-receiver (i. e. combination of za transmitter and receiver) suitable ffor use at 'a single station in such syste'mbecomes a vendiblear-ticle identifiable byfan-expert.l -In order to be' suitable, it` must lcontain 'a' standard oscillatori, .generating harmonics,v anda variable oscillator .that canbe set to r`differentv harmonics; but no l'conditionneed be imposed on the natural frequency :fo ofthe standard oscillatonfFor if the for characteristic of thewarticle is not that characteristic 'ofi any f system Yaccordingvrv to rthe invention. yetestablished, there may ibe still la possibility that-such Va system characterised by 'thatffo might be lestablished. w

y 1. A signaling :system in vwhich "a receiver can be 'set to receive signals from ya selected transmitter-without .actually receiving lsignals `from such'ft'ransrnitter, Ysaid 'system' comprising f a group of at least three radio stations, each -consisting of aftransmitterya-,superheterodyne receiver, or bot'h,fan`d Isaid'system including at lleast Ione transmitter.and one such vreceiver; each transmitter and 'receiver comprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequencyjo which is 'the same for all transmittersy and receivers,nieans for 4generating from the nxed frequency oscillationsvemitted .by 'the standard 'oscillator a A,plurality of oseil- Wherev m is `que'ncy =of'f0scillation f is variable and able to cover'the range FL to FH Within which lie a plulrality` ofv frequencies 4onv vwhich the transmitters and receivers. of thefsystem may communicate, means for establishing, at least approximately, a predetermined relationship Ro betweenth'e frerque'ncy'y vandany selected frequency of '-thevplufrality mfc, vand automatic means for `maintaining that relation when once established.

i f2. A signaling system in which 'a receiver can be -set to -receive signals from 'a selected transmitter Without actually receiving signals 'from f'such transmitter, Vsaid system comprising a group '.of `'atleast three radio stations, cach consisting gof la transmitter, "a vsupe'rhe'terodyne receiver, or both, and saidfsystem including-at least onetrans'- mitter. and one such receiver; each transmitter and -receiver comprising a :standard oscillator -havingfa fundamental natural frequency fo'vlliich ing the saine when once -established.

fbe set "to receive signals lfromv aselected'y trans# lrriitter'Without actuallyreceiving signals from 'sii `h trans`1`riitter,said system ,comprising a' group of atransmitter, a superheterodyne receiver, rfor both, andsaid lsysten'rincluding -at least lone transmtter'fand one -fsuchreceivem .each transmitterv and receiver. comprisinga standard oscillator having fa -fundamentalfnatural lfrequency Jo which is the `saine forall transmittersv and receivers,

k means for .generating from the fixed `frequency oscillations emitted by the standard oscillator "a plurality of f oscillations havingfrequencies .mfc Where 'm is ank integral number, anoscillator whose frequency of oscillationzf is variable and able to cover the range to AFH Within `which lie aplurality -of frequencies onl which the transmitters-and receivers vof the sy'sternmay cminunic'a'te, m'eansto vary the frequency'of oscilla--` f tion lof said variable.oscillation-'means to fde'termine, at 'leas'tA approximately, when -a predetermined `relation Ro is` established between the lirequency fwand'any selected memberffof the plu-- rality mfc, and automatic means for maintaining that relation/When*once established.` f

, 4.A r`A signaling system in which a receiver can be f set to; receive signals .from a selected tra-nsfmitter-Without-factually receiving signals from such:v transmittensaid system comprising fa group l:cf-at least 'three' radio stations', each consisting of a transmitter,v ia sllperheterodyneA receiver,

orboth, and said system including at least-'one transmitter and yone suchreceiver; feach transmitter and receiver comprising a standard `csail flator having ai fundamental naturalfrequen'cy "fo which isathesame for all transmittersandfre- 'ceivera means for generating from the xed frequency voscillations emitted' by'thestandar'dfoscile 1lator laplur'ality-of oscillations having frequencies -mfo'where m is an .integral number, an oscillator Whoseffrequency of oscillation f `is variable -and able `to cover the range F1. to FH Within which i lie aplurali'ty f'of frequencies Jon Which'the trans- -mitters and receivers ofthe system may comniunioate,means to 'vary the frequency v of 'os' ycillatio'n o'f v'said variable oscillator, means fto *determine; at 'least approximately, when apre'determined 'relation Ro is established between the 'frequency and*k "any vselected member of` the plurality mfc, and automatic means for accu- -ratelybbtaining vsaid relation and Amai' 'the same when onceestablished.

5. yAsignaling systemfin which areceiver Vcan fbe zsetto receive signals from a selected transmitter ewithoutactually receiving signals from such transmittersaid system comprising a group of -at least three radio stations, each consisting ofv a transmitter, a superheterodyne receiver,v "or both, and said system includingv at least one trans- -mitter vand one such receiver; each transmitter ctaining and 'receiver comprising a standard oscillator Y r.having a fundamental natural frequency fowhich is. Afsignaiingsystem'in whichajre'ceiver :can

VYisthe same forv allttransmitters and receivers, means for generating from the 4fixed frequency oscillationemitted by the standard 'oscillator a plurality fof oscillations having frequencies mfc .Where vthe integers m vform anarithmetical series, -an oscillator Whose frequency of oscillation f is variable vand able lto cover the range Fr. yto 'Fn Within, which lie a :pluralityof frequencies on kwhich the transmitters and receivers of thesystern `may communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscillation of said variableoscillatlor,

emeans todetermine, at least approximately, when 'i 6. A signaling system in whichA a receiver can be set to receive signals from a selected transmitter Without actually receiving signals from such transmitter, said system comprising a group of at least three radio stations, each consisting of va transmitter, a superheterodyne receiver, or both, and said system including at least one transmitter and one such receiver; each transmitter and receiver comprising a standard {oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency fo -which is the same for all transmitters and receivers, means for generating from thexed frequency oscillation emitted by the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfc Where the integers m `form an arithmetical series Whose constant difference is 1, an oscillator Whose frequency of oscillation f is lvariable and able to cover the range FL to Fn within which lie a plurality of frequencies on which the transmitters and receivers of the system may communicate, means to `vary the frequency of oscillation of said variable oscillator, means to determine, at least approximately, when a. predetermined relation Ru is established between-the frequency f and any selected member of the plurality mfc, and automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established.

7.1A signaling system in which a receiver can be set to receive signals fromya selected transmitter `Without actually vreceiving signals from such transmitter, said system comprising a group of at least three radio stations, 'each consisting of a transmitter, a superheterodyne receiver, or both, and said system including atleast one transmitter and one such receiver; each transmitter and receiver comprising a standard oscillatorhaving a fundamental natural frequency fo which is the same for all transmitters and receivers, means for generating from the fixed frequency oscillation emitted by the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies vmfc where the integers m form an arithmetical serieswhose constant difference is a, an ,oscillator Whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and Yable to cover the range FL. to FH within lwhich lie a plurality of vfrequencies on which the transmitters and receivers of the system may communicate, means to vary the frequency of yoscillation of said variable oscillator, means to determine, at least approximately, when a. pre.- determined relation Ru is established between the frequency f and any selected member of the plurality, mo such that j=IF|DimfoI Where F and D may both be positive, negativeor zero, IDI `is less than fo and IFI, if not zero, is greater than afa, and automatic means, for maintaining that relation when once established. v

8. Radio station equipment suitable for use in a system such as specified in claim 3, and vcomprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency fo, means for generating from the xed frequency oscillations emitted by the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfp where m is an integral number, an oscillator whose frequency o'f oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range FL to FH within which lie a plurality of frequencies on Whichthe station is required to communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscillation of said variable oscillator, means to determine, at least approximatelyfwhen a predetermined relation Ro .isfvjestablished vbetween .the frequency f and any selected member of the plurality info, and automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established.

9. Radio station equipment suitable for use in a system such as specified in claim 7, and comprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency fo, means'for generating from the xed frequency oscillations emitted by the standardfoscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfo where the integers m form an arithmetical series whose constant difference is a, an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range FL .to FH within which lie a plurality of frequencies on which the station is required to communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscillation of said oscillator, means to determine,

vat least approximately,when a predetermined relation Ro is established between the frequency f and any selected member of the plurality in fo such that .fzIF-I-Dimfol `where F and D may both be positive, negative or zero, IDI is less than ufo and IFI, if not zero, is greater than afa, and automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established.

10. Radio station equipment suitable for use in a system such as specified in claim 5, and comprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency of fo, means for generating from` the fixed frequency oscillations emitted by the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfc Where in- .tegers m form. an arithmetical series with constant difference a, an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range FL to FH within which lie a plurality of frequencies on which the station is required to communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscillation of said variable oscillator, means to determine, at least approximately, Awhen a predetermined relation Ro-is established between the frequency fand any selected member of the pluralityv mfc, and automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established, said frequency relation determining means comprising means for setting the frequency f successively to each of said frequencies substantially mo in one of the forward and reverse orders of m, means for counting the number of timesthat f is set to successivemembers of the group of frequencies mfo, and means for arresting said successive settings when a predetermined member of `said frequencies has been reached. l

11. .Radio vstation equipment suitable foruse in a system such as specified in claim 5, and comprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency of fo, means for generating from the fixed frequency oscillations emitted by ythe standard'oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfc where integers m form an arithmetical serieswith constant difference a, an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to 4cover the range Fi. to Fn` Within which liev a plurality of frequencies on which the station isrequired to communicate, means to vary the frequencyr of oscillationl of said Variable oscillator, means to determine, at least approximately, when a predetermined relation Ro is established between the frequency f and any selected member of. the plurality mfo, and automatic means for maintaining that relation when, once established, said frequency relation determining means comprising means for setting the frequency frA successively to each of afgroupof frequencies substantially nmfo in one ofthe forward and reverse orders of m where `n is a fixed integer greater than l, means for counting the number of times that f is set to successive members of the group of frequencies nmfo, means operable, lwhen in the course of saidsuccessive settings a predetermined member of said group'nmfa has been reached, for setting the frequency f successively to each of the frequencies substantially mfo in one of the forward and reverse orders o-f m` starting from a member of mfo which is within the range determined by the members immediately adjacent to said predetermined member of the group nmfo, means for counting the number of times that f is set to successive members of the group of frequencies mfc, and means for arresting the last said successive settings when a predetermined member of said frequencies mfc has been reached. l

12. Radio station equipment suitable for use in a-system such as specified in claim 5, and oomprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency of fo, means for generating Y mine, at least approximately, when a predetermined relation Ro is established between the frequency .f and any selected member of the plurality mo, and automatic means for maintainingy that relation ywhen once established, said frequency relation determining means comprising meansfor setting the frequency f successively to each of a group of frequencies substantially'nmfo in one of the forward and reverse orders of m,

from the xed frequency oscillations emitted by A the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfc where integers m form an arithmetical series with constant difference a, an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range FL to FH within which lie a plurality of frequencies on which the station is required to communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscillation of said variable oscillator, means to determine, atleast approxi- `mately, when a` predetermined relation Ro is established between the frequency f and any selected member of the plurality mfr), and automatic means for maintaining that relation ywhen* Once established, said frequency relation determining means comprising means for setting the frequency f successively to each of a group of frequencies substantially 10 mfc in one of the forward and reverse orders of m, means for counting the number of times that f is set to successive membersN of the group of frequencies 10 mfc,

means operable, when in the course of said sucand means for arresting the last said successive v settings when a predetermined member of said frequencies mfc has been reached.

13. Radio stationequipment suitable for use in a system such as specified in claim 5, and comprising a standardV oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency fo, means for generating from the fixed frequency oscillations emitted by the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having'frequencies mfc where integers m form an arithmetical series with constant difference a, a second standard 'oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency nio where n is a fixed integer greater than l, means for generating from the fixed frequency oscillations emitted by the second standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfc, an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range FL to Fn within vwhich lie a plurality of frequencies on which the station is required to communicate, means to vary the frequency bf oscillation of said variable oscillator, means to determining means comprising means for setting y r frequency f successively to each of said fre- 1 means for counting the number of timesy that f is set to successive members of the group of frequencies nmfo, means operable, when in"l the course of said successive settings a predete'rn'iinedy member of said group nmfo has been reached, for` setting the frequency j successively to each of the frequencies substantially mfu in one ofthe forward andY reverse orders of m starting from a member of mfc which is within the range determined by the members immediately adjacent to said predetermined member of the group nmfo,

means-for counting the number of times that f' is set to successive members of the group of frequencies mfo, and means for arresting the last said successive settings when a predetermined member of said frequencies mfc has been reached. 14. -Radio station equipment suitable for use in a system such as specified in claim 5, and coniprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency of fo, means for generating lfrom the fixed frequency oscillations emitted by the -standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfc where integers m form an arithmetical series with constant difference d, f' an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range FL to FH: within which lie a plurality of frequencies on whichthe stationis required to communicate,A

meansto vary the frequency of oscillation of said variable oscillator, means to determine, at least approximately, when a predetermined relation Ro is established between selected member of the plurality mo, and automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established, said frequencyfrelation deterquencies substantially mfg in one of the forward and reverse orders of m, automatic 'means for' counting the number of times thatf is set to 'suc-Y cessive members of the group of frequencies mfc, and means for arresting said successive settings when a predetermined member of said frequenf *cies has been reached. A

15. Radio station equipment suitable fo'r use'V in a system such as specified in claim'', and com-f prising a standard oscillatorhaving a fundamental natural frequency of fp, means for generating from the xed frequency -the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfo where integers m form' an arithmetical series with constant difference e,

an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f isy variable'and able torcover the `range FLto Fn within which lie a plurality of frequencies on which the station is required to communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscillation of said variable oscillatonmeans to determine, at least approximately, when a predetermined relation` Ro is' established between the frequency f andany selected member of the plurality mfc, and automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established, said'frequencyrelation determining means comprising means for setting the frequency f the frequency f and any ther oscillations emitted by successively to each of a group of frei quencies substantially 'nmfn in one of the forward n and reverse orders yof m where n is a iiXed finte-v ger greater than 1, automatic means or counting the number Of times that f is set to successive members of the group of frequencies nmfo, means operable, when in the course of said successive settings a predetermined member of said group nmfo has been reached, for setting the frequency f successively to each of the frequencies substantially mfc in one of the forward and reverse orders of m starting from a member of mf@ which is withinthe range determined by the members immediately adjacent to said predetermined member of the group nmfo, automatic means for counting the number of times that f is set to successive members of the group of frequencies mfc, and means for arresting the last said successive settings when a predetermined member of said frequencies mo has been reached.

16. Radio station equipment suitableV for use in a system such as specined in claim 3, and comprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency fo, means for generating from the fixed frequency oscillations emitted by the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfo Where 'm is an integral num-ber, an oscillator whose frequencyof oscillation f s variable and able to cover the range FL. to'FH within which lie a plurality of frequencies on which the station is required to communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscillation of said variable oscillator, means to determine, at least approximately, when a predetermined relation Rn is established between the frequency f and any selected member of the plurality mja and automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established, Said frequency relation determining means comprising an amplifier having its input connected to receive, during the setting of f to a frequency mofa, the said frequency mofa, and a, filter connected to prevent the access to at least part of said amplifier of those frequencies mfc for which m differs from m by more than an assigned limit.

17. Radio station equip-ment suitable for use in a system such as specified in claim 3, and comprisinga standard oscillator having a fundamental'natural frequency fo, means for generating from the fixed frequency oscillations emitted by the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfc where m is an integral number, an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range FL to FH within which lie a plurality of frequencies on which the station is required to communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscillation of said variable oscillator, means to determine, at least approximately, when a predetermined relation Re is established between the frequency f' and any selected member of the plurality mfc, and automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established, said frequency relation determining means comprising an amplifier having its input connected to receive, during the setting of f to a frequency mojo, the resultant of the combination ofthe said frequency mofa with some other frequency, and a filter connected to prevent the access to at least part of said amplifier of said resultants for which m differs from mo by more than an assigned limit.

18. Radio station equipment suitable for use in a system such as specified in claim 3, and cornprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental` natural frequency fo, means for generating from the yfixed frequency oscillations having frequencies mf where my is an integral number,

' terminging means comprising a first mixer conf an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range FL to FH within which lie a plurality of frequencies on which the station is required to communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscillation of said variable oscillator, means to determine, at least approximately, whenA a predetermined relation Ro is established between the frequency f and any selected member of .the plurality mfc,A and automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established, said frequency relation determining means comprising an amplier having its input connected to receive, during the setting of f to a frequency mofa, the said frequency mofa, andv a filter which immediately succeeds said means for generating the said frequencies mfo, which has a variable pass range, and which is ganged to the means for varying f in such a manner as to prevent the access to said amplifier of those frequencies mfc for which m differs from 'm0 by more than an assigned limit.

19. Radio station equipment suitable for use in a systemsuch as specifiedV in claim 3, and comprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency fo, means for generating from the fixed frequency oscillations having frequencies mfo Where m is an integral number, an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and 4able to cover the range FL to FB within which lie a plurality of frequencies on which the station is required 'to communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscillation of'said variable oscillator, means to determine, atleast approximately, when a predetermined relation Ro is established between the frequency f and any selected member `of the plurality mfo, and automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established, said frequency relation` determining means comprising an amplifier having its input connected to receive, during the setting of f to a frequency mofo, the resultant of the combination of the said frequency mofowith some other frequency, and a filter which immediately succeeds said means for generating the vsaid frequencies mfc, which has a variable pass range, andy which is ganged to the means for vary-ing ,f in order to prevent the access to said amplier of saidl resultants for which m differs from mo by more than an assigned limit.

20. Radio vstation equipment suitable for4V use in a system such as specified in claim '7, and comprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency fo, means for generating from the fixed frequency oscillations emitted by the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfn where the integers m form an arithmetical series whose constant difference is a, an oscillator Whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range Fr, to FH within which lie a plurality of frequencies on which the station is required to communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscillation of said oscillator, means to determine, at least approximately, when a predetermined relation R0 is established between the frequency 'f and any selected member of the plurality in fo such that f=IF|DimfoI yWhere F and' D may both be positive, negative or zero, IDI is less than af@ and IFI, if not zero, is greater thanafo, and automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established, said frequency relation denected to combine the said oscillations ofV frequency mfc With the oscillations of frequency f,

a second mixer connected to combine theresultf vant of such first mixing with the oscillations of frequency F, and amplifying and filtering meansl disposed between said rst and second mixers and` tions having frequencies `mfowloere mis an integral number, an `oscillatorwhose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to. cover the range FL to FH within which lie a plurality of frequenciesv on whichfthe'station is required to communicate, said variableI oscillator serving` in the transmitter as the-source of the transmitted oscillation and in the receiver as the source of the local oscillations, means to vary the frequency l 24. A combination of a radio transmitterv and a superheterodyne radio receiver suitable for use in a system such as specied in claim 3, and comprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency fo, means for generating from the xed frequency oscillations emitted by the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations havingfrequencies mfo where m is an integral number, an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range FL to FH within which lie a plurality of frequencies onfwhich the station is required .to communicate, said variable oscillator having two complete tuning circuits one with and one `without tracking elements but otherwise similar and means for the state in which, it is capable of forming part of oscillation of said variable oscillator, means-t0 determine, at least approximately, when a'predetermined relation Rois established between the frequency f and any selected member of the plurality mfc. and automatic means for maintaining that relation when onc'eestablished.v

22. A combination of a radiotransmitter and tions having frequenciesmfc Where mis-an integral number, an oscillatorwhose frequencyy of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range FL to FH within which lie a plurality-of Afrequencies on which the station is required to communicate, said variable `oscillator serving in the transmitter to `control the transmitted oscillations and in the receiver as the source of the local oscillations, means lto vary the frequency of 'ofy the transmitter; emitting a given frequency f to at least approximately the state in which it is capable of forming the local oscillator ofthe vreceiver receiving the said frequency f', means to "tablished between the frequency f and any se- I lected member of the plurality of mfc, and autooscillation of said variable oscillator, means to prising a standard oscillator having aV fundamental natural frequency fo, means for generating from the fixed frequency oscillations emitted by the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfo where m is an integral number, an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range Fr. to FH within which lie a plurality of frequencies on which the station is required to communicate, said variable oscillator having a tuning circuit comprising tracking elements by whose insertion or removal the variable oscillator can be changed from the state in which it is capable of forming part of the transmitter emitting a given frequency f to at least approximately the state in which it is capable of forming the local oscillator of the receiver receiving the 'said matic means for` maintaining that relation when once established.

25. Radio station equipment suitable for use in 'a system such as specified in claim '7, and comprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency fn, means 'for generating from thevxed frequency oscillations emitted by the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfo'where `the integers m form an arithmetical series whose constant difference is a, an oscillatorwhose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range Fr; to FH within which lie a'plurality of frequencies on which the station is required to communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscillation of said oscillator, means to determine, at least approximately, when a predetermined relation Ro is established between the frequency f and any selected member ofthe plurality in fo such that f=IF-|-Dimfo| where F an'd D may both be positive, negative or zero, IDI is less than fo and IFI, if not zero, is greater than ufo, means controllable by an operator for making D altery the standard oscillator a pluralityof oscillations l having frequencies mf@ where the integers m form an arithmetical series whose constant difference is a, an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the range FL to FH within which lie a plurality of frequencies on which the stationis required to communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscillation of said oscillator, means to determine, at least approximately, when a predetermined 'relation Ro is established between the frequency and any selected member of the plurality in fo such that =I F-I-D- l-mfu I where F and D may both be positive, negative or zero, ID I is less than af@ and IF I, if not zero, is greater than ufo, and automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established, said automatic means comprising a gpair'ofvlters'thefrst of whichrpasses onlyfrevquencies:between'substantially zero and a limit slightly greater -thanll fu and the second of which passes only Yfrequencies between a limit -slightlyless than 1/4 aft and a limit lying between M2 fo and 3%; ufo, means for'causing oscillations -passngsaid rst filters to increase, or alternatively decrease, fand for causing oscillations passing saidy second lter'to; decrease (or alternatively increase, f, and=means controllable by the operator for'choosing Whether the oscillations passing saidrst ltershall increase fand those passing said second filter shall decrease f or'vice Versa.

27. Radio station equipment suitable for use in afsystem such as specified in claim '7, and comprising a standard oscillator having a fundamental natural frequency fo, means for generating from the'xed frequency oscillations emitted `by the standard oscillator a plurality of oscillations having frequencies mo, where integers m form an arithmetical series with a vconstant difference a, atleast two additional standard oscillators of frequencies F1, F2 lying within a range not much .greaterfthan afa, an oscillator whose frequency of oscillation f is variable and able to cover the rangeuFL to FH Within which lie a plurality of frequencies on which the station is required to communicate, means-to vary the frequency of oscillation of said variable oscillator, means to Ydetermine, at least approximately, when a predetermined relation Ro is established between the frequency f and any selected memberof the `plurality mfo such ithat IF|Dimfo IWhere |,D[ is less-than fo `and is positive, negative or Zero and l F l is greater than ufo and is positive or4 negative, control means operable for selecting the oscillations from either one of said additional stande ard oscillators for combination with the oscillations of frequency mfc and with the oscillations fromsaid variable oscillator in the course of establishing said relation Ro, .and-.automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established.

28. `A combination of a radio transmitter and a superheterodyne radio receiver suitable for use in a system'such as specified in claim 3, said receiver comprising a standard oscillator having a fundamentalV natural frequency fo, means for generating from the xed frequency oscillations emitted bythe'standard oscillator a, plurality of oscillations having frequencies mfc Where integers m form anarithmetical series With constant difference a, an oscillator Whose frequency of oscillations ,f is variable and able to cover the range :FL-to Fer-within which lie the plurality of fre- Iquencies'on which the station is required to communicate, means to vary the frequency of oscilla- Ation of said variab1e1osci1lator, means to determine, at least approximately, when a predetermined relation ARo is established between the frequency f and any selected member of the plurality mfo, automatic means for maintaining that relation when once established, -said frequency relation ldetermining means comprising means for setting the frequency-f successively to each of the frequencies m'fo in one-fof the forward and reverse ordersof mymeans yfor counting the-number of timesthat f is set to'successive members of the group offrequencies mfo,-and means forarresting said successive settings -when Aa ypredetermined member ofsaid frequencies 4has been reached, said transmitter having a-\variable Voscillator separate fromthe said oscillatorof the-receiven'and means capable, aftersaid receiver haslbeen adjusted to `receive a frequency f,--ofA adjusting the transmitter so astto transmit'oscillations that the receiver is "adapted to receive.

VNORMAN RICHARD BLIGI-I. DOUGLAS 'MAX HELIiER. LUIS CHARLES 'STENNINC 

